Semiconductor Packaging

In semiconductor manufacturing, understanding how various materials behave and interact is critical to making a reliable and robust semiconductor package. Semiconductor Packaging: Materials Interaction and Reliability provides a fundamental understanding of the underlying physical properties of the materials used in a semiconductor package. By tying together the disparate elements essential to a semiconductor package, the authors show how all the parts fit and work together to provide durable protection for the integrated circuit chip within as well as a means for the chip to communicate with the outside world. The text also covers packaging materials for MEMS, solar technology, and LEDs and explores future trends in semiconductor packages

Semiconductor Packaging

In semiconductor manufacturing, understanding how various materials behave and interact is critical to making a reliable and robust semiconductor package. Semiconductor Packaging: Materials Interaction and Reliability provides a fundamental understanding of the underlying physical properties of the materials used in a semiconductor package. By tying together the disparate elements essential to a semiconductor package, the authors show how all the parts fit and work together to provide durable protection for the integrated circuit chip within as well as a means for the chip to communicate with the outside world. The text also covers packaging materials for MEMS, solar technology, and LEDs and explores future trends in semiconductor packages

Analysis and parameter estimation of immobilized enzyme

Determining the intrinsic rate constants of the immobilized enzyme is very important toward scaling up large-scale biochemical engineering processes. But the existence of inter-phase mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion effects make it difficult to estimate. A new approach for estimating the kinetics parameters of the immobilized enzyme reactor is proposed. Intrinsic rate constants can be determined by decoupling those two mass transport effects. When catalyst particles are suddenly introduced into a CSTR, two types of dynamic responses can be obtained. For a first-order reaction system, the critical condition which distinguishes the two types of responses is related to the inlet flow rate and the other system parameters, but not the mass transfer and diffusion coefficients. This enables us to calculate the intrinsic rate constant directly once the flow rate at the critical condition is determined. The method is also extended to the immobilized enzyme system with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. But in this case the inlet substrate concentration is also a parameter in determining the intrinsic rate constants. Dynamic experiments need to be performed in a CSTR in order to determine the critical flow rate. Four different types of CSTR have been considered for purposes of the dynamic experiment. The pros and cons of each type of reactor will be discussed based on the experimental results. Mixing tests and the tanks-in-series model are used to determine the non-ideality of the reactor performance. Three sugar reactions were chosen as the model systems to verify the proposed method. Two types of dynamic responses are clearly shown in all three systems. The rate constants estimated by our method are comparable to those listed in literature or estimated by the stirred-batch method. After the rate constants were determined, the mass transfer and diffusion coefficients of each model system were obtained by curve fitting the original dynamic experiment data; they are also in reasonable agreement with those listed in the literature

Semiconductor packaging: materials interaction and reliability

In semiconductor manufacturing, understanding how various materials behave and interact is critical to making a reliable and robust semiconductor package. Semiconductor Packaging: Materials Interaction and Reliability provides a fundamental understanding of the underlying physical properties of the materials used in a semiconductor package. The book focuses on an important step in semiconductor manufacturing--package assembly and testing. It covers the basics of material properties and explains how to determine which behaviors are important to package performance. The authors also discuss ho

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field